خلفيات عودة سوريا إلى الجامعة العربية وانعكاساتها الإقليمية

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استعاد النظام السوري مقعده بالجامعة العربية، استجابة لحاجة النظام العربي إلى تسوية النزاعات التي استنزفته، وشكَّلت مدخلًا للتدخلات الخارجية.
لن ينجح هذا المسعى إلا إذا تمكن من تخطي عقبة العقوبات الغربية المفروضة على النظام السوري.

المصدر: مركز الجزيرة للدراسات

بعد أكثر من عقد على تعليق عضويتها في الجامعة العربية، وافق مجلس وزراء الخارجية العرب في جلسة طارئة عُقدت في القاهرة، يوم 7 مايو/أيار 2023، على استعادة النظام السوري مقعد سوريا الشاغر في الجامعة منذ نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2011. على الأثر، وجهت المملكة العربية السعودية دعوة، نقلها سفيرها في عمَّان، إلى رئيس النظام السوري، بشار الأسد، لحضور القمة العربية الـ 32 التي عقدت في جدة، يوم 19 مايو/أيار الجاري، بصفته ممثلًا للجمهورية العربية السورية، لتنفك بذلك عزلة نظام الأسد العربية دون تغيير في الظروف والأسباب التي أدت إلى تعليق عضوية سوريا في الجامعة في المقام الأول، ودون التزامات واضحة بشأن عودة اللاجئين، والكشف عن مصير المعتقلين، وتحريك العملية السياسية المعطلة لحل الأزمة، وهي الشروط التي طالما تمسكت بها الجامعة العربية، إلى جانب القوى الغربية، للتطبيع مع النظام السوري.

رحلة العودة إلى الجامعة

رغم الدعم الذي قدمته دول الخليج العربية، خصوصًا، لفصائل المعارضة السورية في محاولاتها الإطاحة بالنظام السوري نتيجة العنف الشديد الذي استخدمه في قمع الاحتجاجات السلمية، ورفضه التجاوب مع أي مبادرة سياسية لحل الأزمة، إلا أن هذا الهدف (إسقاط النظام) أخذ يبدو غير واقعي بشكل متزايد مع اتضاح عدم جدية الموقف الأميركي في الإطاحة بالأسد، خاصة بعد خرقه الخط الأحمر الذي رسمه الرئيس باراك أوباما بشأن استخدام السلاح الكيماوي، في أغسطس/آب 2013، ثم التدخل العسكري الروسي، في سبتمبر/أيلول 2015، والذي أنهى تقريبًا كل احتمالية لإسقاط النظام في دمشق. وبين الانكفاء الأميركي والتدخل العسكري الروسي بدأت المقاربة العربية والإقليمية، بشأن الصراع في سوريا، تتغير لتصبح أكثر انسجامًا مع الرؤية الأميركية التي باتت تنصب على هزيمة تنظيم الدولة الإسلامية (داعش) بعد سيطرته على أجزاء واسعة من سوريا والعراق، عام 2014. ومع بلوغ الحرب على تنظيم الدولة نهاياتها عام 2018، وتمكن النظام السوري، بدعم روسي/إيراني، من استعادة مناطق واسعة حول دمشق، وفي جنوب ووسط البلاد، من فصائل المعارضة، كانت ديناميات الصراع السوري قد تغيرت كليًّا، وأخذت دول عربية، بناء عليه، تفكر باستعادة العلاقات مع النظام، مع تأكد استمراره في الحكم. بدأ الأمر بالأردن الذي قرر إعادة فتح معبر جابر-نصيب الحدودي لاستئناف حركة التجارة التي توقفت منذ عام 2012. جاءت هذه الخطوة بعد أن أوقفت الولايات المتحدة عمل غرفة العمليات العسكرية الموك(Military Operations Center, MOC)  التي أنشئت عام 2012 في الأردن لدعم فصائل المعارضة السورية، والتي تم على إثرها التوصل إلى “اتفاق درعا” بمشاركة أميركية-روسية-أردنية لوقف إطلاق النار، الذي تضمن تسليم قوات المعارضة أسلحتها الثقيلة والمتوسطة، وإجلاء المقاتلين والمدنيين الرافضين للتسوية إلى شمال غرب البلاد. وفي ديسمبر/كانون الأول من العام نفسه، قامت الإمارات والبحرين بإعادة فتح سفارتيهما في دمشق، ثم قامت سلطنة عمان بتعيين سفير لها في دمشق، في أكتوبر/تشرين الأول 2020. وفي يوليو/تموز 2021، طرح الملك عبد الله الثاني، ملك الأردن، خلال القمة التي جمعته بالرئيس الأميركي، جو بايدن، في واشنطن “خريطة طريق” للحل في سوريا “تضمن استعادة سيادتها ووحدتها”. اشتملت الخريطة على تخفيف العقوبات الأميركية على سوريا وإعادتها إلى الجامعة العربية في مقابل تعاون روسيا في إضعاف النفود الإيراني في سوريا والذي كان السبب الرئيس الذي دفع عددًا من الدول العربية إلى دعم الثورة السورية في المقام الأول. مع نهاية العام 2021، تكثفت التحركات العربية للتطبيع مع دمشق ومحاولة إعادتها إلى الجامعة العربية؛ حيث قام عبد الله بن زايد، وزير خارجية الإمارات، بأول زيارة لوزير خارجية عربي إلى دمشق، في نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2021. وفي مارس/آذار 2022، قام بشار الأسد بأول زيارة عربية له منذ عام 2011 إلى أبو ظبي، فيما كثفت الجزائر جهودها لإعادة سوريا إلى الجامعة العربية خلال القمة العربية العادية الـ31 التي تم تأخير عقدها في الجزائر من مارس/آذار إلى نوفمبر/تشرين الثاني 2022 في محاولة لتحقيق إجماع عربي بشأن استعادة سوريا مقعدها في الجامعة، إلا أن هذه الجهود لم تفلح بسبب معارضة السعودية ومصر وقطر خصوصًا، نتيجة فشل الأسد في تقديم أي التزامات لحل الأزمة.

تغير الموقف السعودي

مع أن الموقف السعودي تجاه الأزمة السورية أخذ يتغير تدريجيًّا منذ ما قبل التدخل العسكري الروسي في سبتمبر/أيلول 2015، إلا أن السعودية بدأت تعطي إشارات واضحة حول استعدادها للانفتاح على نظام الأسد فقط في مطلع 2023، وتولى وزير الخارجية، فيصل بن فرحان، الترويج للموقف الجديد. وأثناء مشاركته في مؤتمر ميونخ للأمن، في 18 فبراير/شباط 2023، قال الوزير السعودي: “إن إجماعًا يتزايد ليس فقط بين دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي، بل في العالم العربي بأن الوضع الراهن غير قابل للاستمرار”، وإن هناك نهجًا آخر “بدأ يتشكل”، وإن هذا ينبغي أن يمر “عبر حوار مع حكومة دمشق في وقت ما”.

تمحور النهج الجديد الذي أشار اليه ابن فرحان حول أن غياب الدور العربي عن الأزمة السورية قد أضر بالمصالح العربية، وترك مصير سوريا لتقرره دول غير عربية، خاصة في إطار مسار أستانا الذي نشأ بتفاهم روسي/تركي، مطلع 2017، قبل أن تنضم إليه إيران. وقد سمح الزلزال الذي ضرب سوريا وتركيا، مطلع فبراير/شباط 2023، بتسهيل إعادة التواصل العربي مع سوريا؛ حيث قام وزراء خارجية الإمارات والأردن ومصر بزيارة دمشق للإعراب عن تضامنهم، فيما تدفقت المساعدات من دول عربية عديدة على سوريا لمساعدة منكوبي الزلزال. وبعد توصل السعودية وإيران إلى اتفاق لاستئناف العلاقات بينهما بوساطة صينية في العاشر من مارس/آذار 2023، بدا واضحًا أن الرياض تستعد لاتخاذ خطوة مماثلة تجاه النظام السوري. وعليه، دعت الأمانة العامة لمجلس التعاون الخليجي، بناء على طلب سعودي، إلى اجتماع تشاوري في جدة، في 14 أبريل/نيسان 2023، لمناقشة الأزمة السورية. حضر الاجتماع وزراء خارجية دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي الست إضافة إلى مصر والعراق والأردن. وكانت السعودية دعت قبل ذلك وزير خارجية النظام السوري إلى جدة في محاولة لانتزاع تنازلات منه تساعد في إقناع الدول العربية التي ستجتمع في جدة بعد يومين للقبول بعودة سوريا إلى الجامعة العربية. صدر عن الاجتماع السعودي-السوري بيان أعلن فيه الطرفان استئناف الخدمات القنصلية والرحلات الجوية بين البلدين، والاتفاق على “تهيئة الظروف اللازمة لعودة اللاجئين والنازحين السوريين إلى مناطقهم، وتعزيز الأمن ومكافحة الإرهاب بكافة أشكاله وتنظيماته، والتعاون بشأن مكافحة تهريب المخدرات والاتجار بها، ودعم مؤسسات الدولة السورية، لبسط سيطرتها على أراضيها لإنهاء وجود الميليشيات المسلحة فيها، والتدخلات الخارجية في الشأن الداخلي السوري”. لكن فشل اجتماع جدة في التوصل إلى اتفاق بشأن استعادة سوريا مقعدها في الجامعة العربية، دعا إلى عقد اجتماع تشاوري آخر في عمَّان حضره إلى جانب الأردن، مصر والعراق والسعودية ووزير خارجية النظام السوري. وبين الاجتماعين، قام وزير الخارجية السعودي، فيصل بن فرحان، بزيارة إلى دمشق كانت الأولى لوزير سعودي منذ عام 2011. صدر في ختام اجتماع عمَّان بيان وافقت سوريا بموجبه على التعاون في مكافحة تهريب المخدرات وإنتاجها، وعلى تسهيل العودة الطوعية والآمنة للاجئين السوريين. وفي السابع من مايو/أيار 2023، عقد وزراء الخارجية العرب اجتماعًا طارئًا في القاهرة توافق فيه الوزراء دون تصويت على استعادة سوريا مقعدها في الجامعة العربية، وقامت بعد ذلك السعودية بتوجيه دعوة رسمية إلى رئيس النظام السوري، بشار الأسد، لحضور قمة جدة لينهي بذلك نحو 12 سنة من غياب سوريا عن الجامعة العربية.

تطبيع مشروط؟

تفاوتت مصالح الدول العربية ومواقفها من مسألة تطبيع وضع النظام السوري بين رافض بدون حصول تغيير في الظروف التي أدت إلى عزله (قطر) ومتحفظ (الكويت ومصر) ومتحمس (السعودية والإمارات وإلى حدٍّ ما الأردن). انطلقت سياسة التطبيع من مقاربة نصَّت عليها المبادرة الأردنية والتي سميت بمبادرة “خطوة مقابل خطوة”، فكل خطوة يخطوها النظام باتجاه الحل سوف تترتب عليها خطوة من الجانب العربي لفك العزلة عن سوريا وإقناع القوى الغربية، خاصة الولايات المتحدة، بتخفيف العقوبات لإطلاق عملية إعادة الإعمار، أقله في إطار مشاريع التعافي المبكر التي نص عليها قرار مجلس الأمن رقم 2642 لعام 2022. وتقوم المقاربة على أنه وفي ظل الوضع الاقتصادي المنهار للنظام وعجز حلفائه عن تقديم يد العون (إيران بسبب الحصار والعقوبات الناتجة عن أزمة برنامجها النووي وروسيا بسبب أوضاعها الاقتصادية المتأزمة بعد حرب أوكرانيا والعقوبات الناشئة عنها) فإن النظام بات مضطرًّا إلى طلب يد العون من دول الخليج العربية التي باتت تملك الآن فرصة لاستعادة دورها في حل الأزمة، ودفع النظام للإذعان لشروطها.

تتفاوت هذه الشروط بتفاوت مصالح الدول العربية، ففيما يركز الأردن أكثر على قضية إعادة اللاجئين، نظرًا لوجود نحو 650 ألف لاجئ سوري على أراضيه، تتشارك السعودية ودول خليجية أخرى مع الأردن المخاوف من ازدياد عمليات تهريب المخدرات بعد أن باتت سوريا مصدرًا رئيسًا لإنتاجها. وتتهم جهات مختلفة النظام باللجوء إلى إنتاج وتهريب المخدرات وذلك لتأمين مورد مالي يساعده على البقاء في ظل العقوبات المفروضة عليه، لاستخدامها من جهة ثانية أداة ضغط على الدول العربية والمجتمع الدولي للتفاوض معه وتخفيف العقوبات، وهو ما يمكن استنتاجه من التزام النظام السوري بالتعاون على مكافحة إنتاج المخدرات وتهريبها متزامنًا بعودته للجامعة العربية، والتزامه بإعادة اللاجئين أمام دول خليجية يتطلع إلى مساهماتها المالية في إعادة الإعمار. وفيما تبدو الإمارات مهتمة أكثر بطي صفحة الربيع العربي والقضاء على تيارات الإسلام السياسي، لا يحظى موضوع الدفع بالحل السياسي للأزمة السورية إلا باهتمام مباشر من جانب قطر، التي جعلت منه شرطًا للتطبيع مع النظام. ويبدو أن السعودية ماضية من جهتها في محاولة “تصفير المشاكل، مع دول الإقليم، بما في ذلك مع سوريا، في إطار سياسة الانكفاء نحو الداخل للتركيز على المشاريع التنموية التي تقع في إطار رؤية 2030 التي يقودها ولي العهد، الأمير محمد بن سلمان”. وكان اتفاق استعادة العلاقات الدبلوماسية المقطوعة مع إيران منذ مطلع عام 2016 الخطوة الأبرز بهذا الاتجاه.

العقدة الأميركية

شكَّل التوجه العربي للتطبيع مع النظام السوري، الذي بدأته الإمارات، قبل أن تقود اندفاعته السعودية، أحد تجليات الانكفاء الأميركي عن المنطقة، وأزمة الثقة في العلاقات السعودية-الأميركية التي بدأت مع إدارة أوباما واستمرت مع ترامب وبلغت ذروتها مع بايدن. شكَّل تراجع باراك أوباما عن إنفاذ وعده بمعاقبة النظام السوري على استخدامه أسلحة كيماوية ضد المدنيين في غوطة دمشق، في أغسطس/آب 2013، صدمة في الرياض وغيرها من عواصم الخليج. وكانت العلاقات بين الرياض وواشنطن في حالة تراجع أصلًا بسبب ما رأت فيه الرياض تخليًا أميركيًّا عن الحلفاء بعد أن دعا الرئيس أوباما الرئيس مبارك للتنحي استجابة لمطالب ثورة 25 يناير/كانون الثاني 2011. وازدادت أزمة الثقة على نحو أكبر بعد الكشف عن مفاوضات سرية أميركية-إيرانية بدأت في سلطنة عُمان، في 2013، وانتهت بتوقيع الاتفاق النووي مع إيران، في 2015. ورغم أن العلاقات تحسنت في عهد ترامب، الذي انسحبت إدارته من الاتفاق النووي وأعادت فرض العقوبات على إيران، إلا أن سياسة ترامب لم تغير الميل الأميركي نحو تقليل انخراطها في المنطقة، بل عمَّقته في واقع الأمر. وقد اتضح ذلك على نحو خاص في رد فعل ترامب على الهجمات التي تعرضت لها منشآت نفط أرامكو في بقيق وخريص، شرق المملكة، في سبتمبر/أيلول 2019، واتهمت واشنطن والرياض إيران بالوقوف وراءها.  وعلى الرغم من أن ترامب أبدى استعداده للرد على الهجوم أول الأمر، إلا أنه أكد أن مسؤولية الرد عليه تقع على عاتق السعودية؛ “هذا هجوم على السعودية وليس على الولايات المتحدة”، قال ترامب في ردٍّ على سؤال صحفي. وقد أثارت تصريحاته هذه صدمة في الرياض التي أخذت تعيد النظر في سياستها المتشددة نحو إيران، فوافقت على بدء حوار معها بوساطة عراقية في بغداد. وتعمقت الاستدارة السعودية تجاه إيران بعد وصول إدارة الرئيس بايدن إلى البيت الأبيض. وكان بايدن قد أطلق خلال حملته الانتخابية تصريحات معادية للسعودية، وأبدى رغبته في إعادة إحياء الاتفاق النووي مع إيران. وبمجرد استلام إدارته السلطة، أخرجت الحوثيين من قائمة المنظمات الإرهابية، كما أوقفت تصدير الأسلحة الهجومية إلى السعودية وبدأت بالضغط عليها لوقف الحرب في اليمن.

دفع ما بدا للرياض تخليًا أميركيًّا عنها نحو تبني سياسة أكثر واقعية في علاقاتها الإقليمية قامت بموجبها بإنهاء أزمة حصار قطر، مطلع 2021، ثم أطلقت مبادرة لحل الأزمة في اليمن، قبل أن تقبل بفتح حوار مع إيران في بغداد، توج باتفاق بكين، في 10 مارس/آذار 2023. وقد ساعد هذا الاتفاق بدوره في الانفتاح على النظام السوري؛ حيث تسارعت بعدها خطوات التطبيع معه، وصولًا إلى إعادة عضويته في الجامعة العربية وحضوره قمة جدة. ورغم أن إدارة بايدن كانت شجعت السعودية على الانفتاح على إيران ووقف الحرب في اليمن، إلا أن واشنطن لم تبد ارتياحًا للدور الصيني في إبرام الاتفاق السعودي-الإيراني، كما أبدت تحفظًا على الانفتاح السعودي على النظام السوري، والذي تم بناء على جهود وساطة قادتها روسيا التي شهدت علاقتها بالرياض تطورًا كبيرًا في السنوات الأخيرة، بما في ذلك في مجال إنتاج النفط وضبط أسعاره. وبرزت المعارضة الأميركية لخطوات التطبيع العربي مع النظام السوري خصوصًا على مستوى الكونغرس الذي مرَّر حزمة من القوانين باتت تمثل عقبة فعلية أمام أي نتائج ملموسة يمكن أن يسفر عنها التطبيع العربي مع النظام السوري، وأبرزها قانون قيصر لعام 2019، وقانون مكافحة الكبتاغون لعام 2022. كما مرر الكونغرس في 11 مايو/أيار الجاري قانونًا لمحاربة التطبيع مع النظام السوري، طالب فيه الإدارة الأميركية بعدم الاعتراف بأي حكومة سورية يرأسها الأسد أو تطبيع العلاقات معها، وفرض عقوبات على من يفعل ذلك. وبرز فوق ذلك توافق دولي، قادته واشنطن، خلال قمة مجموعة الاقتصادات السبع الكبرى في هيروشيما في اليابان، في 20 مايو/أيار 2023، على ربط التطبيع مع النظام السوري وإعادة الإعمار بحصول تقدم حقيقي في العملية السياسية، والتزمت المجموعة كذلك بمحاسبة المسؤولين عن الهجمات بأسلحة كيماوية في سوريا ومحاكمتهم.

لكن، وفي ضوء غياب أي رغبة لدى إدارة بايدن لتعريض علاقاتها مع السعودية للخطر بسبب التطبيع مع نظام الأسد، خاصة مع تنامي التنافس الأميركي-الصيني في منطقة الخليج وتوجه دول خليجية عديدة إلى تطوير علاقاتها مع الصين في مختلف المجالات بما في ذلك العسكرية والأمنية، قد تحاول إدارة بايدن ربما “ضبط” التطبيع العربي مع نظام الأسد بدلًا من منعه، بحيث يكون التطبيع بثمن، بدل أن يكون مجانيًّا، ويسفر عن تقدم في معالجة القضايا الإنسانية خصوصًا (المعتقلين واللاجئين والمعابر والمساعدات الإغاثية) وكذلك على مستوى إيجاد حل للمسألة السورية.

التداعيات الإقليمية للعودة

منذ استقلالها عن فرنسا، عام 1946، لعبت سوريا دورًا مركزيًّا في موازين القوى الإقليمية، وكان موقفها مرجِّحًا بين القوى العربية الرئيسة التي نافست على زعامة العالم العربي في الخمسينات والستينات (مصر والعراق والسعودية). وقد برز دور سوريا خصوصًا في السياسة العربية مع خروج مصر من معادلة الصراع العربي-الإسرائيلي بتوقيعها اتفاقية كامب ديفيد، في 1978، ثم اتفاقات السلام مع إسرائيل، في 1979، وتعليق عضويتها نتيجة لذلك في الجامعة العربية. كما استفادت سوريا من انشغال العراق في حربه مع إيران (1980-1988) لتعزيز موقعها في النظام الإقليمي العربي. وسمح انضمام سوريا لمصر والسعودية بعد حرب تحرير الكويت (1991) بلعب دور مركزي في السياسة العربية استمر حتى هجمات سبتمبر/أيلول 2001 في الولايات المتحدة. لكن دور سوريا الإقليمي بدأ يضعف بوضوح بعد الغزو الأميركي للعراق، في 2003، وخصوصًا بعد انسحاب قواتها من لبنان، في 2005، بضغط أميركي/سعودي على خلفية اغتيال رئيس الوزراء الأسبق، رفيق الحريري. مع ذلك، تمكنت سوريا -نتيجة العلاقات الوثيقة التي أقامتها مع تركيا في العقد الأول من حكم العدالة والتنمية (2002-2011) إضافة إلى تحالفها الطويل مع إيران- من الاستمرار في لعب دور مهم في موازين القوى الإقليمية حتى اندلاع الثورة عام 2011، وتحول سوريا إلى ساحة صراع إقليمي ودولي.

من غير الواضح كيف ستؤثر عودة سوريا إلى الجامعة العربية في موازين القوى الإقليمية، وفي الاصطفافات الجديدة التي تشهدها المنطقة، في ضوء الضعف الشديد الذي يعتري موقفها بعد 12 سنة من الحرب، وفي ظل وجود خمسة جيوش أجنبية على أراضيها، وفقدان النظام السيطرة على مناطق واسعة من شمال وشمال شرقي البلاد؛ حيث تتركز أكثر ثروات سوريا المائية والطبيعية (النفط والغاز) فضلًا عن انهيار قدراتها العسكرية، وحدوث دمار واسع في بنيتها التحتية، تقدر تكلفة إعادة بنائه وفق أكثر التقديرات تحفظًا بـ 400 مليار دولار، والأهم من كل ذلك هو فقدان سوريا أكثر من نصف مواردها البشرية، مع اقتلاع نحو 12 مليون سوري من بيوتهم، موزعين بين لاجئ ونازح، فيما يعيش 90 بالمئة ممن يقيمون في مناطق سيطرة النظام تحت خط الفقر الأدنى. رغم كل ذلك، تحاول إيران استباق نتائج التطبيع العربي مع دمشق، التي تبدو اليوم بحاجة للاستثمارات العربية وشركات البناء التركية أكثر من حاجتها للميليشيات الإيرانية، لتأمين مصالحها في سوريا. هذه المخاوف تفسر زيارة الرئيس إبراهيم رئيسي الأخيرة لدمشق والتي تأجلت عدة مرات بسبب خلافات حول الاتفاقيات الاقتصادية التي تنشدها إيران لضمان سداد ديونها لسوريا التي تتراوح التقديرات بشأنها بين 30-60 مليار دولار، بما في ذلك المطالبة باستملاك أراض في سوريا مقابل هذه الديون.

ورغم الشكوك المحيطة بقدرة نظام الأسد على الحد من النفوذ الإيراني في سوريا، وهو أحد أهداف التقارب العربي مع دمشق، إلا أن الدول العربية المتحمسة لمسار التطبيع تجادل بأن عودة الدور العربي إلى سوريا أقله من بوابة العمل الإنساني ومشاريع التعافي المبكر سوف يعزز موقف الأسد التفاوضي تجاه الضغوط الإيرانية التي تتعاظم على دمشق لتسديد ديونها. وقد اعتبر بعض المراقبين أن إزالة الأعلام الإيرانية من مواقع تشغلها ميليشيات مؤيدة لطهران في مناطق في دير الزور والبوكمال، شرقي البلاد، ورفع أعلام سوريا مكانها يعد مؤشرًا على إمكانية حصول ذلك. وفي كل الأحوال لا يمكن التقليل من أهمية التنافس على مسار إعادة الإعمار، الذي تتطلع دول الخليج العربية إلى لعب دور رئيس فيه، في حسابات التطبيع العربية مع سوريا؛ ذلك أن عملية إعادة الإعمار بمقدار ما أنها تتطلب استثمارات طائلة إلا أنها توفر من جهة أخرى فرصًا كبيرة في مجالات البنية التحتية والخدمات، والسياحة، والزراعة، وغيرها.

فيما تشكِّل عودة سوريا العربية انتصارًا للجناح المناهض للتغيير والرافض للإصلاح السياسي في الجامعة العربية وتعزيزًا لموقفه، فإن هذه العودة توفر من ناحية ثانية مدخلًا جديدًا للتعاون الذي يتنامى مع روسيا التي تشارك هذا الجناح الموقف من الثورات العربية، إلى جانب مصالح مشتركة أخرى عديدة تبدأ بالطاقة وتمتد إلى الأمن والموقف من التيارات الإسلامية. وتأمل هذه القوى أن تعزز عودة سوريا موقفها الرامي إلى طي صفحة الثورات العربية نهائيًّا، وبالنسبة للسعودية فإنها تمثل رافعة لتعزيز دورها الدبلوماسي المتنامي على الساحتين الإقليمية والدولية، واختبارًا مهمًّا لجدية إيران في التعاون لحل أزمات المنطقة.

عود على المحك

من الواضح أن فك عزلة سوريا العربية جاء ليعبِّر عن حاجة عربية وإقليمية لتسوية الخلافات البينية والانتقال من مرحلة الاستنزاف المتبادل، خصوصًا بعد التقارب السعودي-الإيراني، والتقارب التركي-المصري، والتركي-الخليجي وفي ظل تنامي التنافس الصيني-الأميركي في المنطقة، وأن هذه الحاجة هي التي ستحدد حتمًا طبيعة الدور الذي ستقوم به سوريا في الإقليم وموقعها في اصطفافاته الجديدة. لكن المضي في هذا المسار لن يكون سهلًا؛ إذ سيترتب على الدول العربية مقاومة الضغوط الغربية، الأميركية خصوصًا، الرافضة لمسار التطبيع، وإقناعها بجدوى المقاربة الجديدة، بما يسمح بتجاوز العقوبات أو تخفيفها لإطلاق عملية إعادة الإعمار. سوف يترتب على الدول العربية أيضًا إقناع النظام السوري بتقديم تنازلات تساعدها في هذا المسعى مع وجود شكوك عميقة حول قدرة هذا النظام أو رغبته في تنفيذ أي تعهدات يقطعها في مقابل مساعدته اقتصاديًّا وفي إعادة الإعمار. في كل الأحوال، سوف تتضح خلال الشهور القليلة القادمة جدوى المقاربة العربية الجديدة القائمة على استخدام نظام الحوافز بدل العقوبات لإقناع النظام السوري بتغيير سياساته، وسيكون الاختبار الأول أمامها متصلًا بمكافحة المخدرات وتوفير بيئة آمنة لإعادة اللاجئين.

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  105. As the variety of reported deaths rises to 1,408, Patrick Vallance,
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    Protections towards curiosity charge rises embody (a) a potential initial interval with a
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    The fact that an adjustable rate mortgage has a decrease starting curiosity price doesn’t indicate what the long run price
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    On 19 December, an area of low pressure that had
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    in a single day on 19 December, heading towards the Midwestern United
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  109. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту сотовых телефонов, смартфонов и мобильных устройств.
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  110. It’s because the organization has simultaneously supported
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    The origin of the Japan Agricultural Cooperatives system might
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    The subsequent year the Greek government dissolved the insolvent Arab Hellenic Financial institution at a price to Greece’s Deposit Guarantee Fund of
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    confidence-in the prospect for international growth and the power of eurozone policymakers to deal with the issue.

  111. Some examples are deeds executed by minors or mentally incompetent
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    (6) the Native American Veteran Housing Mortgage Program, (7) the
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  112. Even after the federal government had the funding to create a social safety
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    considered one of them direct and the opposite six indirect.
    It is the enthusiasm of 1 facet or the opposite that causes prices to advance or
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    a “free journey” to the BC Liberal government of Premier Gordon Campbell,
    especially in relation to the scandals and controversies ensuing from the privatization of
    BC Rail but additionally in cooperating with the government’s alleged manipulation of knowledge for political purposes, such because the suppression of the particular scale of the deficit or welfare rates prematurely
    of the 2009 election.

  113. You cannot make the most of the holiday buying rush with out ample stock!
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  114. Once they ultimately understand the job is a scam, it is
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    Find out about the trendy history of this trendy Chevy coupe.
    The 1987 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS came in notchback coupe
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    its base mannequin and got slightly revised taillights. The 1987 Chevrolet Monte Carlo
    SS fashions once more acquired the H.O. The V-6 and base V-8
    could be backed by both a 3- or 4-speed automated transmission, but the H.O.

    The V-6 got here normal with a three-speed automated transmission, with a 4-velocity computerized
    optionally available; the V-8s came solely with the
    latter. Admittedly, that unbelievable progress came at nice cost.
    Both the conquests of Alexander the great and the rise of the Roman Empire pale as compared with
    the growth of the United States and Canada across the North American continent.

  115. Franchised businesses and other low risk venture are always popular among angel investors
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    Whenever you work with a funding source, you should look
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  116. However, if you have Poland visa, it’s important to land in Poland
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    want to visit. CSR can restrict these dangers.

    The 2020 study finds that economic globalization has decreased safety of world provide chains
    with most nations exhibiting larger publicity to resource risks by
    way of worldwide commerce – mainly from remote production sources – and
    that diversifying buying and selling companions is unlikely to
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    The school of Humanities and Social Sciences consists of
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    Political Science; and Psychology. Within the twenty first
    century, corporate social duty in the availability chain has attracted attention from companies and stakeholders.
    Roosevelt also drew the opposition of some people who
    had been a part of the Progressive Movement within the early 20th century, as
    many of those former progressives distrusted large authorities applications just like the
    NRA. Roosevelt had feared the opportunity of either Huey Long or a progressive
    Republican getting into the race to cut up the left-wing vote.
    Many of these progressives continued to vote for
    Republican congressional candidates, however others joined the Democratic Party.

  117. After the institution of Pakistan in 1947, Muhammad Ali was
    moved as the Finance Secretary under Finance Minister Sir Ghulam Muhammad,
    together with Victor Turner, however this appointment lasted till 1948 due a cabinet reshuffle.
    ICFAI though has safeguarded its CFA charter in India with legitimate state legislature beneath IUT Tripura Act, but CFA charterholders are usually not mandatorily employable and at present
    do not carry out any statutory duty unlike CAs, CSs, CMAs, though CCFA
    tried to perform this in funding related areas in India by submitting a draft invoice to the Ministry of Finance for consideration which was
    rejected due to varied authorized disputes that ICFAI faces.

    To observe the Stovebolt, division common manager William “Massive Invoice” Knudsen and GM design director Harley
    Earl cooked up an elegant line of Cadillac-fashion cars
    for 1929-32. The 1930-31 line comprised a single collection offering roadsters for 2 or
    4 passengers, a phaeton, three coupes, and two sedans. Macquarie has a non-hierarchical organisational construction where particular
    person enterprise entities are managed under four principal working groups.
    There are also four shared companies groups that provide the framework, infrastructure and help to the principal companies.
    Customizable tasks for video games are available; metadata for put
    in video games may be updated from the Internet.

  118. Authorities confirm the first demise from COVID-19 in Scotland.
    Health Protection Scotland establishes an incident management group, and full contact tracing is done
    for delegates who have tested constructive. 1 March – An extra thirteen circumstances are reported, including Greater
    Manchester to the listing of areas affected and bringing the
    overall to 36, three of which are believed to be contacts of a case
    in Surrey who had no history of journey abroad.

    Authorities affirm the first case of COVID-19 in Northern Ireland.
    6 February – A 3rd case of COVID-19 is confirmed within the UK.
    Three March – The government publishes its action plan for coping with COVID-19.
    England’s Chief Medical Officer, Chris Whitty, tells MPs that the UK has now moved to the second stage of dealing with COVID-19 – from “containment” to
    the “delay” section. The UK Chief Medical Officers increase the danger to the UK
    from reasonable to high. The quantity of scholars who arrive
    on the student union per minute will possible not follow a Poisson distribution,
    because the speed is just not fixed (low price during class time, high fee between class
    times) and the arrivals of particular person students
    aren’t independent (students are inclined to come in teams).

  119. At present, market has unpredictable situation like sideways, up,
    down. Whenever it hikes, Nifty goes down. Importers generally
    hedge their risk by purchasing American currency against Indian rupee
    and exporters hedge their risk by selling dollar against
    INR. EPA created the database to provide a consistent
    approach to risk assessment practices across the
    various environmental laws that the Agency implemented and enforced.

  120. First opened to the general public on December 16, 1996, Furcadia is developed by Dragon’s Eye
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    ideas that spring to brain, extremely helpful opinions have
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    function.

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  122. Профессиональный сервисный центр по ремонту сотовых телефонов, смартфонов и мобильных устройств.
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  123. The person additionally would make a quota in response
    to the decided factor with the plan of the bankruptcy to get to be attainable
    with the current delinquent funds. For instance, if the man has with her gradual
    itself payments of mortgage, mortgage of loan of the boat or automobile, later the particular person will need to
    provide money for those creditors and to try to get to be current during the
    three to 5 years of the plan of the bankruptcy. In different phrases: companies have belongings
    and so they can not, even if they wish to, immediately flip these
    into cash at the tip of every period. Based mostly on memristors and
    silicon photonics, it was supposed to come into commercialization before the tip of the
    decade, and represented 75% of the analysis activity
    in HP Labs on the time. Following the success of the firm’s foray into Europe in 2004, KBW
    introduced in Might 2010 it could be opening places of work in Hong Kong and Tokyo providing research,
    gross sales & trading, and capital markets advisory to institutional clients
    within the Asia-Pacific area.

  124. Continuing the trend of reorganization in 2008, Ambac ceased writing business
    and in 2010 was split into (i) a “segregated account” (with liability for asset-backed and certain other
    troubled policies) subject to a rehabilitation overseen by the Wisconsin Office
    of the Commissioner of Insurance and (ii) a “general account” for municipal bond insurance and certain other
    non-troubled policies.

  125. ETFs reached $2 trillion. ETFs reached $four trillion. In January 2024,
    the SEC permitted the creation and buying and selling of eleven spot bitcoin ETFs.
    In 2008, the SEC authorized the creation of ETFs that use lively administration methods.

    By November 2019, belongings beneath management by U.S.
    These standard funds, with assets more than doubling each year since 1995 (as of 2001), have been warmly embraced
    by most advocates of low-value index funds.
    Barclays, at the side of MSCI and Funds Distributor Inc.,
    entered the market in 1996 with World Equity Benchmark Shares (WEBS), which grew to become iShares MSCI Index Fund Shares.
    Often called SPDRs or “Spiders”, the fund became the largest
    ETF on the planet. ETF vs. Mutual Funds: What Are the Differences?

    Are ETF dividends taxed otherwise? In 2007, iShares launched an ETF that owns
    excessive-yield debt and an ETF that owns municipal bonds and State Road World Advisors and The Vanguard Group additionally issued bond
    ETFs. In Could 1995, State Street International Advisors introduced the S&P 400 MidCap SPDRs (NYSE Arca: MDY).
    In April 2020, Grimm launched a report which surveyed
    the state of hospitals in late March during the COVID-19 pandemic
    within the United States. One broad issue in the inquiry is
    whether or not the administration firms merely present services to
    dentists, or are breaking the legislation by directing care, in keeping with
    people familiar with the matter and letters the Senators despatched to state regulators.

  126. Taylor, Adrian (5 June 2011). “MP slams Medicare closures”.
    Osborne, Brian (June 20, 2005). “Limited BlackBerry outage Friday morning”.

    Gollom, Mark (September 20, 2013). “Does BlackBerry have a future?”.
    Zeis, Adam (November 13, 2013). “Message from BlackBerry CEO John Chen: We are dedicated to reclaiming our success”.
    Tung, Liam (February 13, 2017). “Simply as you thought Java-Android row was over, all of it kicks off once more”.
    Walker, Ameena (December 5, 2017). “Tribeca clock tower conversion will not embody triplex penthouse”.
    On December 1, 2020, Slack and Salesforce announced an agreement for Salesforce to acquire the company for roughly $27.7 billion,
    marking one of many most important tech acquisitions at the moment.

    On December 19, 1986, a cool Saturday afternoon, the final Capri rolled off the Cologne meeting line.
    Tofel, Kevin (October 29, 2015). “BlackBerry Priv standout features: Hub, pop-up widgets and security app”.
    Tofel, Kevin (October 21, 2015). “The many ways BlackBerry beefs up Android security on the Priv”.
    McKenna, Barrie; Waldie, Paul; Avery, Simon (February
    21, 2006). “Patently Absurd: The inside story of RIM’s wireless conflict”.

    Moscaritolo, Angela (October 21, 2015). “BlackBerry Guarantees Robust Safety on Android-Based mostly Priv”.
    Ooi, Keat Gin (2015). “Disparate Identities: Penang from a Historical Perspective, 1780-1941” (PDF).

  127. Her online financial institution companions with a standard bank to supply ATM entry, but she
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    of one of those affiliated ATMs. In addition, one of many men, Sizwe Mkhize (of no
    relation), had in his possession a doc which appeared to implicate provincial leaders of the Tripartite Alliance – the ANC and its companions
    the South African Communist Occasion and the Congress of South African Trade
    Unions – in a plot to overthrow Mkhize. The utmost to
    be paid out per share was €10 (price of the share on July 1) minus the common value
    of the share over the five days after trade is resumed (this come right down to a
    maximum of just lower than €9). The Tubbs Fire was one in all greater than a dozen giant
    fires that broke out in early October 2017, which were simultaneously burning in eight Northern California counties, in what was known as the “Northern California firestorm”.
    Though Mkhize’s constitutional time period as KwaZulu-Natal Premier wouldn’t finish till the 2014 normal election,
    he resigned from the workplace in August 2013 to attend full-time to his duties as ANC Treasurer-Common, a job based out of the ANC’s
    headquarters at Luthuli Home in Johannesburg.

  128. The following day, Efune takes the youngsters to
    the park far away from the kindergarten. Efune explains every of his actions, but Shinichi suspects Efune is plotting
    one thing. Shinichi tells his parents about Ronsuke Efune’s suspicious behavior towards
    Ran.

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  130. In 2001, Dr. Prem Reddy founded Prime Healthcare Providers, Inc.
    and reacquired Desert Valley Hospital. In 1998, PrimeCare Medical
    Group and Desert Valley Medical Group have been sold to PhyCor, a Tennessee-based publicly traded firm.

    Josh Thompson,”Chino Valley Medical Heart proprietor to pay $sixty five million in false Medicare claims case”.
    In 2011 California Watch reported that Prime
    Healthcare had a observe of transferring high numbers of patients from its emergency department
    to its hospital beds, particularly with patients on Medicare.
    It goals to create a stronger relationship between patients
    and their principal major well being provider, initiated by a voluntary registration by patients with a single practice
    of their alternative. In July 2005, dual listing was expanded to include
    companies listed on the London Stock Exchange’s Foremost
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  131. They are also inherent in securities analysis – listed and private – in instances where analysts
    must estimate the incremental contribution of patents (etc)
    to equity worth; see subsequent paragraph. Right here, as in Switzerland, the insurer focuses on the business with private prospects and small and medium-sized firms.
    Société Générale’s head workplace is in the Tours Société Générale in the business district of La
    Défense in town of Nanterre, west of Paris. The laboratory is divided into eight Technical Directorates,
    one wing, and the Air Pressure Office of Scientific Analysis (AFOSR)
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    can be over. In 1961 tensions rose between India and Portugal over the Portuguese-occupied territory of Goa, which India claimed for itself.

    These elements have made the baby boomer era
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  132. Technologically has introduced the perfect translators in Delhi, linguists
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    There’s a Means You possibly can Beat One of the best Traders.
    The airline was acquired by a Timoner-controlled publicly listed firm,
    Investment Property Builders (IPB) as a manner to present it a inventory price.

    Remember although; this isn’t about doing something wrong
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    She was fired from Royal Wedding ceremony, and her contract with MGM was
    terminated through mutual agreement. In some instances during mergers (and acquisitions or joint-ventures), companies with the vast majority of shares and extra powerful executives might choose, and even impose their culture.

  133. The controls were rolled back after Macri took office and Argentina issued dollar
    denominated bonds, but when various factors led to a
    loss in the value of the peso relative to the dollar leading to the restoration of capital
    controls to prevent additional depreciation amidst peso selloffs.
    In 2011 the government of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner restricted the
    purchase of dollars leading to a rise in black market
    dollar purchases.

  134. WindZoon Technologies has an expertise on making Crypto
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    the bond, so it grows over time.

  135. On the side of caution, the thing that you need to look
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  136. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in distant work, extra so in developed countries, aided by technology.
    In the case of the U.S., probably the most complicated economies in existence, economist Nicholas Kozeniauskas explained that “the decline in entrepreneurship is concentrated among the smart” because
    the share of entrepreneurs with university levels in that nation more than halved between the mid-1980s and the mid-2010s.
    You most likely already personal a strapless bra, however do you have got one in that hideous shade of off-puke green to match your bridesmaid dress?
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    rule launched in 2017 to push down quite a few long-working ‘current’ hits however applied to all catalogue recordings over three years outdated,
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  137. In some past year the handicraft industry is highly decentralized in India and to overcome from this, the government of
    India has set up an apex body to promote Indian handicrafts in International Markets.

    Indian people follow different religion, cultural values,
    caste and traditions also varied according geographical backgrounds.

    The production of handmade crafts is increasing day by day with large or small sector industry,
    the reason behind this steady growth is low capital investment, people can start their own handicrafts business by just investing a little amount of capital and plus the government
    is also providing huge subsidies for development of handicraft industry
    and promoting the artistry of India in international markets.

  138. For this reason, a pitcher’s handedness is merely one factor
    (among many) to be considered, not a binding choice to be made.
    In both cases, the choice is not merely hasty; it’s false.
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    like a general manager deciding upon a left handed or right handed pitcher
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  139. Petróleos Mexicanos (April 26, 2023). “Merchandise 19. Consolidated Financial Statements of Complete Earnings”.
    Strangio, Sebastian (August 26, 2022). “Myanmar Junta Trumpets Continuing Circulation of Natural Gas Revenues”.
    Prabhu, Conrad (March 30, 2022). “Oman’s OQ posts hefty RO 701m revenue in 2021”.
    Oman Day by day Observer. Petróleos Mexicanos
    (April 30, 2018). “Merchandise 19. Consolidated Financial Statements of Comprehensive Income”.
    Petróleos Mexicanos (Might 17, 2021). “Merchandise 19. Consolidated Monetary Statements of Comprehensive Earnings”.
    February 17, 2020). Petroperú Declares Fourth Quarter 2019
    Earnings Outcomes – 4Q19 (PDF) (Report). February 17, 2022).

    Estados Financieros Intermedios 31 de Diciembre de 2021 y 31 de Diciembre de 2020 (PDF) (Report) (in Spanish).
    March 23, 2022). Consolidated Financial Statements of the PGNiG Group for 2021 (Report).
    Htwe, Chan Mya (March 22, 2018). “Natural fuel export brings $3b on this fiscal yr”.

    SBM Offshore (February 22, 2023). 2022 Annual Report (Report).
    Equinor (February 7, 2023). “Fourth quarter 2022 Financial Statements and Overview” (PDF).

  140. Significant twenty century wars – still fresh in the memory of many
    historians – are World War 1 and World War 2. These two wars have, for the most, created
    the platform for the manner in which ensuing modern conventional wars
    have been planned and executed (wars in Korea, Vietnam and Iraq to name
    a few). Companies employ a plethora of communication tools such as cross-functional, cross-corporate teams to promote the
    exchange of objectives and ideas, instead of opting for one or two ways of working
    with their vendors.